Biology Research in Western North Carolina

On September 11, 2025 I attended a faculty introduction to the Biology Department at the University of North Carolina Asheville. Six Doctors of Biology introduced themselves and spoke briefly about their work. After each summary of the classes they teach and the research they are currently focused on, they each sat at a table of three to five students to answer questions and discuss their research further. They had conversations with each table of students.

Dr. Melinda Grosser was the director of the event as well as offering an overview of her own roles as professor and the research she is currently working on. She is doing extensive research on Staphylococcus Aureus because of its resistance to antibiotics. Her lab is using a control and comparing that to any mutations that may occur in their samples. She hopes to be able to design a knockdown strain. They are hoping to silence the antibiotic-resistant genes.

Dr Courtney Clark-Hachtel spoke about her study of Tardigrades and their remarkable resilience. She focuses on a particular species, Hypsibius exemplaris. Tardigrades are resilient in many ways, the most common is ability to desiccate or dry themselves out in times of drought stress. However, Dr. Clark-Hachtel is specifically focused on their ability to repair DNA after radiation exposure. Her lab is experimenting with observing how the DNA providing this ability reacts in other systems.

Dr Ted Meigs worked for the department of cancer research and pharmacology from 1996-2003. He has been a professor at UNCA for 23 years. He is currently researching how cells function and how molecules interact with cells. He has continued his research on cancer at UNCA. His lab is currently focused on the proteins involved in switched DNA that contribute to cell mutation on or off.

Dr Jonathan Horton has been a biology professor at UNCA for over 20 years. His focus is on forest mycology and ecology. His lab recently evaluated the vast amount of fallen trees due to hurricane Helene last September and their relation to possible changes in mycorrhiza. He has created a fungarium, a collection of dried fungus specimens. His collection exceeds 450 and he is working on getting a DNA bar code for each.

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Dr. Camila Filgueiras teaches entomology along with other courses at UNCA. Her research focuses on how insects interact with their environment. She aims to understand the relationship of insects, plants, and microbes. One of her specific studies are on the American Chestnut and chestnut blight, Cryphonectria parasitica. Her lab also examines all pathogens affecting the majestic trees.

Dr Rebecca Hale is the director of undergraduate research. Her current research focuses on animal behavior where ecology and evolution overlap. Specifically, she is studying the parental behavior of salamanders. Not all species of salamanders have the same parental behavior. These behaviors include maternal care, paternal care and no care. One of the main species she studies is the Marble Salamander, Ambystoma opacum. The parental behavior of the Marble Salamander is that some mothers stay with her eggs and curve their body around the eggs to hold any moisture in contact with the eggs. This begins the hatching process. They do not stay for the hatching of the eggs.

Every professor had a chance to have a short chat with each student. They were all excited about their research and very engaging. They answered questions from the students and asked many questions of their own. When a student exhibited a focused interest on a particular branch of biology each professor offered to extend a conversation on the subject beyond the seminar. Many of the professors share their research with each other, for biological systems overlap.

Hibernation

“Dormice” by Kentish Plumber is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

Hibernation: How Animals Power Down for Winter

It’s that time of year again—when animals retreat into dens, nests, and burrows to wait out the cold and darkness of winter. I always look forward to December 21st because the days finally start getting longer, bit by bit. But while many of us are craving more daylight, countless animals are preparing for the quiet, energy-saving state we call hibernation.

Most people know that bears hibernate, but what about foxes? Raccoons? Deer? Mice? Birds? Do all birds really fly south? And what actually happens inside an animal’s body during hibernation? Let’s explore.


What Exactly Is Hibernation?

According to a 2020 study by C. Frare, Cory T. Williams, and Kelly L. Drew titled Thermoregulation in hibernating mammals: The role of the thyroid hormone system, hibernation begins with a gradual decline in body temperature in early fall. As animals enter a state called torpor, they become physically and mentally less active.

One of the major players in this process?
The thyroid gland.

Thyroid hormones help regulate body temperature and metabolism in all mammals. During the transition to hibernation, these hormones shift to support extreme energy conservation.

In smaller mammals—such as mice and ground squirrels—hibernation involves periodic reductions in metabolic rate and body temperature from around October to March. They move between long periods of torpor and short periods of rewarming called interbout arousals, also known as euthermia.

Garst, Warren, 1922-2016, photographer

Why go through all this?
As Frare and colleagues explain, hibernation is an evolutionary strategy to conserve energy when food is scarce and temperatures drop.


Ectotherms vs. Endotherms: Who Can Hibernate?

In 2013, Fritz Geiser’s paper Hibernation described two broad physiological types of organisms:

Ectotherms

  • Low metabolic rates
  • Little or no insulation
  • Body temperature depends on environmental temperature
  • Includes most plants, reptiles, amphibians, and many insects

Ectotherms generally do NOT hibernate as mammals do. They often lack the internal heating ability to survive freezing temperatures… and many simply freeze to death.

Endotherms

  • High metabolic rates
  • Insulate themselves (fur, feathers, fat)
  • Can maintain body temperatures between 32–42°C
  • Includes most mammals, birds, some fishes, insects, and even flowering plants

Because maintaining body heat uses tons of energy—especially for smaller animals—many endotherms have evolved heterothermy, the ability to lower body temperature and metabolic rate, sometimes dramatically. This adaptation allows true hibernation.

During torpor, body temperature may drop to 0–20°C, heart rate and water loss decrease, and metabolism slows. Despite this, animals must still produce enough heat to prevent tissue damage.


Dormice” by Kentish Plumber is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

Examples of Heterothermy in Nature

Here are some fascinating species that use torpor or hibernation:

  • Mountain pygmy possum (Australian Alps)
    Hibernates among snow-covered boulder fields for 5–6 months.
  • Tawny frogmouth
    One of the largest birds known to enter torpor, especially at night or early morning.
  • Fat-tailed dunnart (Australia)
    A small marsupial found in arid regions that regularly uses torpor to conserve energy.

These strategies allow animals to survive seasons when food would otherwise be too scarce to support their high metabolic needs.


Why Not Just Sleep? Or Migrate?

Being alive burns energy—walking, digesting, and even sleeping. Birds can migrate to warmer areas, but for many small mammals, migrating long distances would take far more energy than they could afford.

Evolution has carved out hibernation as the perfect winter survival strategy:
save energy, slow everything down, and wait for better times.

And believe it or not, hibernation isn’t just for winter.


Summer Hibernation: Estivation

Some animals hibernate in summer, especially in extremely hot or dry environments.
This is called estivation.

Examples:

  • Certain species of tortoises
  • Some amphibians and insects
  • A few small mammals

These animals power down to avoid heat and dehydration instead of cold and hunger.

And some creatures enter daily torpor, a shorter, milder form of hibernation.
Bats are great examples—they can drop their body temperature for short periods to conserve energy.

Tortoise Hibernating Burrow

Tortoise hibernation burrow” by U.S. Army Environmental Command is licensed under CC BY 2.0.


Do Zoo Animals Hibernate?

It depends on the zoo.
Some facilities intentionally trigger hibernation by adjusting temperature and lighting.
Others keep animals awake year-round by providing consistent warmth and food, which removes the environmental cues that normally trigger hibernation.


How Animals Prepare for Hibernation

Preparation is everything.

  • Squirrels collect and store nuts.
  • Bears pack on fat reserves.
  • Some animals do both!
  • Many species rely heavily on photoperiod—the changing length of daylight—to know when winter is approaching.

Animals must build up enough energy reserves to survive months without food.


What Happens Inside the Body During Hibernation?

A lot changes:

Breathing

  • Drops by 50% or more
  • Some reptiles temporarily stop breathing entirely

Waste

  • Deep hibernators produce no feces
  • They do produce urea, but they’re able to recycle it internally
  • They prevent dehydration by extracting water from stored fat

The body becomes an energy-saving machine.


Hibernation: More Complex Than You Think

Hibernation isn’t just long sleep—it’s a dramatic, finely tuned physiological transformation. From thyroid hormones to torpor cycles, from possums in the Alps to birds in Australia, animals have evolved remarkable strategies to survive harsh seasons.

Next time winter settles in and the days grow short, remember that beneath the soil, inside hollow trees, and deep within snowy burrows, countless creatures are slowing their hearts, lowering their temperatures, and quietly waiting for spring.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8091518/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982213001310https://animals.howstuffworks.com/animal-facts/hibernation.htm

Steam in Action: Art + Science for the Win

We often view art and science as distinct disciplines; however, they are deeply intertwined. Integrating art with science has numerous benefits. First and foremost, art can make science concepts more interesting and engaging. At its core, science was born out of curiosity and an innate human drive to understand the world around us. Art enhances our creativity, communication skills, and problem-solving. Those benefits are drivers of curiosity, which perpetuate the drive for scientific exploration. These disciplines are really two sides of the same coin.

The powers of STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Math) education start with our youngest learners. It can not only set foundations for lifelong learning, but also a love for learning. We never stop learning. Even our oldest learners personally benefit from pursuing STEAM education. Fostering creativity improves their quality of life, amongst many other benefits. Here at High Touch High Tech, we have programs that are specifically designed to integrate art and science for preschoolers, elementary students, and seniors alike.

So, why is creativity so indispensable to science? Science is inherently contestable. Therefore, scientific knowledge will always be ad interim. That is how we continue to grow in our knowledge. It may seem counterintuitive that good scientists try to prove themselves wrong rather than right. That can be uncomfortable for us. We desire clarity and reassurance in our understanding of the world, but it is this uncertainty that makes creativity so important. Scientists must look critically at their data. We use creativity to develop alternative explanations, and this is central to innovation.

We face challenges, both known and unknown. How we discover new possibilities and find solutions to our challenges can come about through upheavals in our historic ways of thinking. By integrating art with science, we reinforce the integral role of creativity with learning and better equip the students of today to become tomorrow’s innovators.

High Touch High Tech exists to help you bring art and science to your students; we are Science Made Fun! All of our programs deliver fun and engaging STEAM activities to students. Find a franchise location near you!

World Economic Forum – https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/07/creativity-science-matters-ways-to-achieve-it/

The Importance of Trees part 4

High Touch High Tech would like to celebrate the importance of trees! Trees have many functions. One major one is that they provide habitat for 80 % of terrestrial biodiversity! Champion trees are determined by factors such as height and diameter and the champion titles are awarded to many species of tree. To learn all about this you could check out the website: https://www.americanforests.org/champion-trees/champion-trees-registry/?gclid=CjwKCAjwvfmoBhAwEiwAG2tqzCeucx870G8EmSA-OXPJOLXOSoRzVrLmS1n3rXgp5edKTnyUEIQMkRoCCfQQAvD_BwE

Today’s Champion tree is in Monroe County Florida. It is the Wild Banyantree or Ficus citrifolia. The trunk circumference on this Wild Banyontree is 244 inches and it reaches a height of 42 feet! The crown spread is 83 feet!